New Journal Articles (weekly)

• The Tactics of Time and Status: Young People’s Experiences of Building Futures While Subject to Immigration Control in Britain

  “Young people subject to immigration control frequently draw a link between their own subjective wellbeing and whether or not they have a projected sense of self within a clear future trajectory. Building on previous work by the authors, this article explores young people’s lived experiences of constructing futures while subject to immigration control as they transition to ‘adulthood’. More specifically, it examines how young people perceive and respond to time as a tactic of immigration control used in chronological age markers, time-limited legal statuses and bureaucratic process rhythms. It is argued that, in order to sustain a sense of moving forward, young people strive to counter such tactics of immigration control with tactics of their own. The article explores how young people describe working creatively to secure access to a range of often contested rights and entitlements in order to sustain the possibility of futures of their own making in Britain. It concludes by highlighting an overlooked divide between young people’s intentions and aims in securing their futures and the intentions of an immigration control system which arguably underestimates the power of some young people’s agency and determination. “

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Development-induced displacement: impact on adivasi women of Odisha

  “In independent India, national development has been largely equated with economic growth and surplus. Most tribal people in India lead a hard, materially poor life. Multiple natural sources along with strong community ties make their life possible, even under difficult circumstances. Adivasis are by far the most vulnerable and marginalized socio-economic group in India; gaps in poverty, literacy and mortality between tribal and non-tribal groups are widening, despite the economic changes sweeping India. These challenges have been compounded in recent years by the arrival of global mining giants, for whom governments have used the colonial Land Acquisition Act of 1894 to forcibly displace millions from their ancestral lands. India today has over 4000 dams; more than 3000 of them built after independence in 1947. At least 500 more dams are under construction. Adivasis constitute 8.08 percent of India’s population as per 1991 census figures. According to an Indian government working group, fifty percent of those displaced by development projects are adivasis. It clearly shows that the adivasis have faced a disproportionate share of displacement. The women folk of their community suffer the most. The resource rich areas are consequently most likely to be dammed or mined. Many tribal belts have now been identified as ‘development sites’ ideally suited for building large multi-purpose river valley projects such as mines, thermal power stations or paper factories. The article will critically analyse the impacts of the destructive development on adivasi peoples of India today. “

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Calais and clandestine migration into the UK: Concerns and context | The Migration Observatory

  @ecre @refugee_archive @Franceterdasile see also some recent analysis by @MigObs on UK media & Calais http://t.co/asN1fnK3eR

  tags:newjournalarticles news

• Free Labour, Capitalism and the Anti-Slavery Origins of Chinese Exclusion in California in the 1870s

  “On 14 July 1877 workers on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Martinsburg, West Virginia, blocked the tracks in response to wage cuts. Within a week, cities from New York to San Francisco were swept into a pitched confrontation between wage earners and property owners. The Great Strike of 1877 gave vent to broad hostility towards the capitalist order that had consolidated in the fifteen years following the Civil War. The railroads had become the most visible symbol of a great transformation towards corporate power and sharp class divides in America.1 In California violent confrontation with railroad authorities was averted because the managers rescinded the wage reduction, and rioters in San Francisco redirected their hostility towards the residents of Chinatown.2 Yet of all the great upheavals in Pittsburgh, Indianapolis, Syracuse, Chicago and Baltimore, only in California did the rebellion sparked in July 1877 take sustained political form. In the months following the Great Railroad Strike, men meeting in the vacant ‘Sand Lots’ next to San Francisco’s City Hall rallied around the newly organized Workingmen’s Party of California, led by an Irish drayman, Dennis Kearney. Welding together critiques of corporate capitalism, the role of Chinese labour and the corruption of politics in California using the language of anti-slavery, the Workingmen’s movement in the state proved pivotal in pushing the national parties to support the exclusion of Chinese labourers from further immigration in 1882. “

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Ethnic Diversity and Social Cohesion: Immigration, Ethnic Fractionalization and Potentials for Civic Action

  “The depth and wealth of information that Merlin Schaeffer’s book ‘Ethnic Diversity and Social Cohesion: Immigration, Ethnic Fractionalization and Potentials for Civic Action’ provides is unquestionably impressive. As Merlin Schaeffer relates in the introductory parts, the literature on the subject of diversity and social capital is vast and yet it continues to grow progressively. To offer a coherent, lucid, and analytical summary of the divergent studies, the methodologies involved and the buzzing beehive of results, thus, look almost like a Herculean task in which Schaeffer however succeeds. “

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Culture as Collective Memories: An Emerging Concept in International Law and Discourse on Cultural Rights

  “For many years legal scholars have sought to elaborate on the notion of culture in the context of cultural rights. Various expressions of the concept can be found scattered in different international instruments. The multiple meanings that the concept evokes can sometimes be confusing and the variations easily affect the obligations that States are required to comply with. This article gives an account of how these different understandings of culture evolved, as well as their legal consequences. It further seeks to identify an emerging concept of culture that is currently embodied in the works of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies, that is, the concept of culture as collective memories. The significance of this development will be highlighted. “

  tags:newjournalarticles

• The Right of Displaced Persons to Property and to Return Home after Demopoulos

  “This article considers the rights of those displaced by armed conflict to their property and to return home under general international law in light of Demopoulos and Others v Turkey and its impact on subsequent cases. The European Court of Human Rights dismissed the case as inadmissible on the ground that the Immovable Property Commission established by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was an effective domestic remedy that should first have been exhausted. Significantly, the Court concluded that the lapse of time and the political nature of the dispute should influence its decision, and that property restitution is not the only remedy available to those displaced. This article is critical of these conclusions. It emphasises the significance of property restitution and the right to return home and argues that the decision, as evident from post-Demopoulos developments, fundamentally undermines the established rights of the displaced, giving primacy to political realism. “

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Mathematics Performance of Immigrant Students Across Different Racial Groups: An Indirect Examination of the Influence of Culture and Schooling – Springer

  “Immigrant students are commonly assumed lower performers in US schools. Their inadequate English language skills and adaptation to the mainstream US school norms are often seen as obstacles to their successful school learning. However, whether and to what extent this assumption is sustainable for immigrant students’ performances in mathematics is the question that has not been empirically explored. Proper answer to the question would help verify the popular assumption about the immigrant students and their learning in the mainstream US schools. Guided by the straight-line, segmented assimilation and cultural capital theories, this study examined this issue using US grades 4 and 8 datasets of Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study 2007 and 15-year-old dataset of Program for International Student Assessment 2009. It was found that there were substantial differences in the mathematics performances of students across different racial groups. Being immigrant students does not always mean they are lower performers than their mainstream peers. The immigrant students coming to the USA earlier did not always show worse mathematics performance over their immigrant peers who came to the USA later. These findings challenge the popular assumption that immigrant students’ inadequate English language skills and adaptation to the mainstream US school norms are obstacles to their successful school learning and call for a deeper understanding about the academic performance of immigrant students in different content areas and at various stages of immigration across different racial groups.”

  tags:newjournalarticles

• The Economics of Attachment: Making a Case for a Relational Approach to Immigrants’ Integration in Canada – Springer

  “This study examines the influence of immigrants’ economic experiences on the degree of their attachment to Canada, against the background of two prevalent explanations of immigrant integration into host societies: the ‘assimilation’ and ‘structural–historical’ approaches—both of which treat integration as rigid, linear and inevitable. The findings of our study suggest that integration is a dynamic process, the content and outcome of which is determined by the nature of the interaction between immigrants and the host society. When such interactions are pleasant and consistent with immigrants’ expectations, the final outcome is a strong sense of attachment to the host society. Also, with changes in the former, there will be changes in the latter. In this study, we use the data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to examine the validity of a relational perspective of immigrant integration, by measuring the impact of immigrants’ economic experiences on the strength of their attachment to Canada. Adopting such a perspective particularly questions the validity of a ‘prescriptive assimilationist’ approach, which asks immigrants to start their lives in the new countries with an intention to assimilate. Viewing the integration process from the relational perspective implies that assimilation could not be suggested as an intentional goal; rather, it should be seen as a possible by-product of the nature of immigrants’ experiences, materialized only when such experiences are pleasant and consistent with immigrants’ expectations. Built on this alternative view, we then discuss the theoretical and policy implications of the study.”

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Highly Skilled Migrants’ Strong Ties with Their Home Country: Evidence from Filipinos in New Zealand and Australia – Springer

  “This paper provides empirical evidence of the “embedded connectedness” of highly skilled migrants with their home country through the Philippine case in New Zealand and Australia. This challenges the findings in other studies that show the weak connection between them and the home country which is generally explored more in terms of economic remittances. While the majority of the participants in the study are already citizens of the host country, they remain emotionally tied and culturally connected to the Philippines as evidenced by their information-seeking behaviour, feeling of nostalgia, sending of remittances, taking of dual citizenship, attendance in Philippine-related events and the country they perceived as home. One interesting finding in the study is that most of them have taken citizenship for pragmatic reasons, that is, for the benefits and security that it could bring them. It concludes by emphasising the relevance of capitalising on these strong diasporic ties to entice the skilled diaspora to return to their home country and/or be involved in development activities back home.”

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Exclusion and Discrimination: Zimbabwean Migrant Children and South African Schools – Springer

  “Post-2005 migration movements from Zimbabwe to South Africa have included a growing number of children. These children face considerable difficulties in accessing the South African educational system. School attendance rates are significantly lower amongst migrant than South African children. This paper is based on recent interviews with Zimbabwean parents and guardians in Cape Town and Johannesburg and shows the levels and types of discrimination they and their children face as well as their powerlessness to effect change. The exclusion of migrant children from education contravenes South Africa’s international human rights obligations as well as its own Bill of Rights and Department of Education directives. The Department of Home Affairs, however, makes schools sites for the enforcement of the draconian provisions of the 2002 Immigration Act. School authorities therefore operate with conflicting mandates. The evidence suggests that most prefer to side with the Department of Home Affairs and make their schools unwelcoming spaces for Zimbabwean children.
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  tags:newjournalarticles

• How Domestic Public Policy Goes Global: Immigrants’ Transnational Allocations of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) – Springer

  “This exploratory study examines the ways in which immigrants in the USA utilize a domestic public policy, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), for transnational purposes. We analyzed semi-structured qualitative interviews with 32 immigrants in the Boston area to investigate whether and how they spend the refund transnationally. Our analysis showed that most immigrant EITC recipients do not explicitly use their refunds for transnational purposes but about 2/3 of families we analyzed used some form of family income to send cash remittances and gifts to the country of origin, as well as purchase goods and services in, or travel to the country of origin. The 12 study participants who explicitly stated using the EITC for transnational purposes most commonly used it for economic smoothing, with a few using the refund to build assets in the country of origin. We also found evidence of EITC-specific expenditures for travel to the country of origin and the sending of gifts. Based on these descriptive findings, we find that the amounts of money being spent transnationally are generally quite small, with less than a $1,000 being sent to the country of origin annually in most cases. We argue that domestic social policy appears to play a transnational role, albeit a small one, and could potentially impact the economic development of immigrant sending countries and even alter immigrant flows from those countries. However, a larger study is necessary to draw definitive conclusions.”

  tags:newjournalarticles

• A Passage to Canada: The Differential Migrations of South Asian Skilled Workers to Toronto – Springer

  “Each year, Canada attracts thousands of skilled workers from ‘South Asia’; yet, relatively little is known about the complex reasons for and processes of migration of this immigrant cohort. The situation becomes even more acute when research ignores the internal diversities within this complex group and portrays a homogenised picture. Focussing on the experiences of 80 South Asian households who have entered Canada as skilled workers, this paper concludes that migration experiences differ between and within national groups (Indian, Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan). Various factors, including pre-migration political, economic and social contexts, transnational ties and social identities and hierarchies play an important role in motivating this highly mobile group and creating specific migration channels. In order to develop a wholistic and nuanced understanding of migration, the study advocates that, conceptually, it is imperative to move away from meta-narratives and models of migration, and methodologically, it is necessary to continue using mixed research methods.”

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Wage Theft Among Latino Day Laborers in Post-Katrina New Orleans: Comparing Contractors with Other Employers – Springer

  “This study examines the nature of wage theft among Latino day laborers who participated in post-Katrina construction work. It addresses three important issues: (a) Is wage theft more prevalent in circumstances where there is very little enforcement of labor law? (b) Are professional contractors more likely to commit wage theft than other employers such as homeowners and small businesses? And (c) Do contractors and non-contractors who commit wage theft vary in the reasons given to justify their crime? Through survey interviews with 304 Latino day laborers conducted at four procurement sites across the city, respondents indicate that 78 % were victims of wage theft over the previous year (2008). Comparisons of wage theft across multiple studies expose the need for the development of a common conceptualization of a rate of wage theft and the benefit of using similar sampling frames to facilitate cross-comparison. Analysis reveals that there was no significant variation in the incidence of wage theft by employer type. Contractors and non-contractors did not differ significantly in the average dollar amount of wage theft, in the number of days worked before wage theft was committed, or in the hourly wage promised to employees. Contractors were, however, much more likely to justify wage theft by citing lack of funds than non-contractors.”

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• Educational–Occupational Mismatch, Race/Ethnicity, and Immigrant Wealth Attainment – Springer

  “This paper uses wealth attainment as an indicator of economic integration and assesses how educational–occupational mismatch (i.e., over/underqualification) and race/ethnicity affect the wealth attainment of a sample of legal permanent residents in the USA. Using data from the New Immigrant Survey, this paper finds that overqualification is positively associated with wealth attainment, but below the rate for adequately qualified workers in the same occupation. Underqualified immigrants are associated with a pattern of wealth attainment that is equivalent to the adequately qualified. Racial/ethnic wealth inequality among legal permanent residents generally reflects the well-documented pattern among the U.S. native-born. This paper concludes with a discussion that places these results alongside previous research that examines the relationship between educational–occupational mismatch and income among immigrants.”

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• Fiscal Effects of Immigrants in Canada – Springer

  “In this paper, we present the estimates of the fiscal transfer to immigrants from native-born Canadians. The fiscal transfer is the amount of money that immigrants absorb in public services less the amount that they pay in taxes, suitably adjusted for scale effects in public provision of services, life cycle effects in tax payment, and so on. Our work builds on previous works in the literature, updating from the last scholarly work in this area by Akbari (Can Public Policy 15(4): 424–435, 1989) with new and richer data. Akbari found on the basis of the 1981 Census data a small fiscal transfer from immigrants to the native-born amounting to about $500 per year per immigrant. Over time, the composition and income attainment of immigrants has evolved somewhat unfavorably for immigrants, and we find on the basis of the 2006 census data, a small fiscal transfer from the native-born to immigrants of about $500 per year per immigrant.”

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Education and Sustainability Learning Across the Diaspora, Indigenous and Minority Divide – Springer

  “Focusing on the significance of biological, cultural, and linguistic diversity, Education and Sustainability presents the results of the author’s 20 years of research on Tibetan educational issues in various contexts such as Canada, the USA, and India. Organized into three parts, the book examines diversity, sustainability challenges, and education for sustainability development. Although multiple examples are drawn throughout the book, the main focus is on Tibetan data because according to the author, Tibetans’ diverse lifestyle and contexts could be applied to “other groups and the global context broadly” (p. 15).

  Part one (chapters 1–4) focuses on biodiversity, biolinguistic diversity, and biocultural diversity, highlighting the importance of linguistic, cultural, and biological sustainability for the evolution of the Earth and human species. Part one also compares and contrasts the Western and Tibetan enlightenment and critiques of reason and provides implications for education and …”

  tags:newjournalarticles

• Civilised Communities

  “Immigration and its effects on crime, social disorder and community tensions remains a pervasive feature of public, government and academic discourse. This discourse often considers immigration, and immigrants themselves, as a threat to the community’s existing moral and social order. This article presents the findings of a case study that used quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the experiences of social order following a recent wave of Polish migration in a small working class town in the North West of England. The key findings show that the assumed association of migration with a disruption to social order receives little support. Rather, the social order in the studied locale is predominantly managed and maintained through ‘civilised relationships’ between migrants and established residents, thus failing to culminate into conflict between the two groups. This situation of ‘civility’ provides an alternative to the preponderance of previous research telling a ‘gloomy tale’ of immigration and its impact on local communities. “

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